Edimsel koşullanma :

Learning behaviour based on the resulting reward or punishment. In other words, behaviour is reinforced according to the outcome it produces. For example, the performance a person demonstrates through their work becomes reinforced as they receive praise and applause; the person learns that they must work harder to earn more praise. The opposite is also true; as a child realises they are excluded from the group when they do not share their toy with their friends, they give up this behaviour and begin to share.

Ego :

The ego. It is the aspect of the personality that acts as the regulatory function, establishes a connection with reality, facilitates adaptation to the external world, plays a role in resolving conflicts, and makes the individual unique, distinguishing them from others. By maintaining a balance between the id and the superego, it ensures adaptation to the environment and others, and resolves internal conflicts.

Egodistonik :

Something that feels alien to one’s true self. It means something that runs counter to a person’s thoughts and feelings. In other words, the person is aware that the thing is absurd and pointless. For example, in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a person knows that washing their hands eight times is absurd, yet cannot stop themselves from doing so.

Egomani :

An individual’s excessive and pathological preoccupation with themselves.

Egosentrik :

Self-centred. A person who puts their own priorities and thoughts first in everything.

Egosintonik :

In harmony with the self, accepted by the self. The person considers that thing to be true and valid, and does not find it strange. For example, a person diagnosed with schizophrenia believing that they are in communication with aliens.

Ejakülasyon :

Ejaculation in men.

Ekmnezi :

Memories flooding into consciousness.

Ekmofobi :

An extreme fear of sharp objects. As a result, the person may avoid using objects such as knives and scissors.

Ekolali :

Repeating the words one hears or what the other person has said. It is observed in certain neurological disorders and in schizophrenia.

Ekopraksi :

Imitating the movements of a person nearby. This is observed in certain neurological disorders and in schizophrenia.

Eksibisyonizm :

Exhibitionism. A psychiatric disorder characterised by a person deriving excessive pleasure from exposing their body—particularly their genitalia—to people who are not expecting it and have not given their consent, and by an inability to refrain from doing so.

Eksistansiyalizm :

Existentialism

Ekstazi :

Ecstasy, which literally means ‘ecstasy’, is an illegal psychoactive substance that causes increased activity and a sense of euphoria in the user. It is also known as ‘sugar’ or ‘pits’ by those who use it.

Ekstrovert :

Extroverted. A state in which a person’s attention and energy are largely directed outwards. In other words, a person prefers to spend time with others rather than on their own.

Ekuinofobi :

A condition characterised by an excessive fear of horses

Elektra :

A young girl’s sexual interest in and desire for her father. The sexuality in question here differs from that of adulthood. It is a normal occurrence during the child’s psychosexual development. In girls aged 3–6, excessive admiration for the father leads them to view the mother as a rival. However, this rivalry is particularly intense because it involves the person closest to the father and whom he loves most; it may lead to the fear of losing the father’s love and provoking the mother’s anger. Consequently, over time, the child begins to identify with the mother in order not to lose the father’s love. In this way, the child identifies with the mother in terms of sexual identity, whilst the sexual admiration felt for the father (the fantasy of becoming the father’s lover, marrying him, etc.) begins to lose its sexual content, and the Electra complex is resolved.

Empati :

It is the ability to set aside one’s own feelings and thoughts for the moment in order to understand another person’s feelings and thoughts, and to empathise with them. It is the ability to consciously grasp the meaning and significance of the emotional and mental state in which the other person finds themselves.

Empotans :

It refers to a man’s inability to achieve an erection firm enough to allow sexual intercourse, or to an erection that is insufficient for this purpose. It is a condition that can stem from psychological or physical causes. It is the most common cause of sexual dysfunction leading men to seek medical advice.

Enkoherans :

It is a form of speech that lacks logical coherence, is extremely disorganised, and is almost impossible to understand. It is also known as schizophasia or ‘word salad’. It is particularly common in the disorganised type of schizophrenia.

Enkoprezis :

This refers to a person’s inability to control their bowel movements, resulting in soiling. Whilst this is considered normal up to the age of four, it may persist beyond this age due to physical or psychological causes.

Ensest :

Sexual relations between close relatives, which are not accepted by either the law or cultural taboos.

Entellektüalizasyon :

It is also known as intellectualisation. It involves attempting to explain thoughts and emotions that a person cannot bear—and which cause distress and conflict—in a manner befitting an expert and using encyclopaedic knowledge, presenting the issue as though it were a medical problem rather than their own personal one. It is one of the ego’s defence mechanisms. It is more commonly employed by well-educated individuals, where dry facts are discussed rather than emotions. For example, instead of discussing the grief of someone who has lost their mother, providing textbook information on what grief is, the stages it comprises, and how long it lasts.

Entoksikasyon :

Poisoning. The ingestion of a chemical substance or medication in quantities exceeding the recommended dose, resulting in toxic levels and causing harm to the body.

Entomofobi :

Don’t be overly afraid of insects.

Enurezis :

Urinary incontinence, bedwetting. Bedwetting at night is known as nocturnal enuresis.

Ereksiyon :

The erection of the male sexual organ (penis).

Eremofobi :

Don’t be too afraid of being on your own. It’s also known as the fear of loneliness.

Ergomani :

Workaholism. The act of working excessively, by one’s own choice, to the extent that it damages one’s physical and mental health.

Eritrofobi :

Don’t be afraid of blushing. The feeling of being ashamed of feeling ashamed.

Erotofobi :

Fear of sexuality. A sense of revulsion towards sexuality, denial of one’s sexual feelings, and avoidance of one’s sexual feelings.

Erotomani :

It is a type of delusional disorder. It involves the belief that someone of higher social or economic standing, or a very famous person, is in love with them.

Eyleme vurma (Acting out) :

Rather than experiencing or expressing one’s inner turmoil or anger, it involves channelling this negative energy into behaviour. It is the emergence of a repressed unconscious element. It is commonly seen in borderline personality disorder. For example, someone who has broken up with their partner might start overeating or engaging in casual sexual encounters.