Damgalama (etiketleme) :

1. The use of categorising or derogatory adjectives to describe certain characteristics of people with mental health conditions (stigmatisation). 2. Attributing a quality to oneself or another person by generalising from specific events. This is a form of cognitive distortion that typically involves attributing negative qualities. For example, a student whose marks dropped slightly in the last exam saying, “I’m a complete slacker.”

Davranım bozukluğu :

It is a disorder that begins in childhood and is characterised by behaviour that disregards the fundamental rights of others, flouts social norms and values, and shows no hesitation in inflicting harm on people or animals. If this behaviour persists into adulthood, the condition is known as ‘antisocial personality disorder’.

Davranışçı terapi :

It is a therapeutic approach that aims to eliminate maladaptive behaviour and foster adaptive behaviour, focusing on the individual’s behaviour rather than the underlying cause of the symptoms. It is based on three types of learning models: learning through classical conditioning, learning through operant conditioning, and social (observational) learning.

Deja entendu :

The illusion whereby a person believes they have ‘heard the same thing before’.

Deja pense :

The illusion whereby a person believes they have ‘thought of the same thing before’

Deja vu :

The illusion of thinking one has ‘seen this before’ and feeling as though one has experienced it before.

Deliryum :

It is a condition of impaired consciousness, arising from a medical cause, in which a person’s attention (focus on something) and orientation are disrupted, behavioural disturbances are observed, and hallucinations occur; it can last from a few hours to several weeks. It is also known as acute brain syndrome or acute psycho-organic syndrome. It is not a disease in its own right, but rather a condition in which the brain is widely affected within a short period of time, arising from various medical causes.

Deliryum tremens :

This is a condition characterised by delirium that occurs in individuals with alcohol dependence when alcohol intake is reduced or stopped. It is an acute condition requiring immediate medical intervention and is the only situation in alcohol dependence that necessitates urgent hospital admission.

Delüzyon :

Also known as a delusion. These are persistent thoughts that do not conform to a particular culture or reality, cannot be explained by logic, and are difficult to change. For example, a young girl believing that she has been impregnated by spirits, or believing that she has been abducted by aliens and had a chip implanted under her skin…

Demans :

A brain disorder characterised by memory loss and forgetfulness.

Deontoloji :

The branch of science that examines professional ethical codes and moral values.

Depersonalizasyon :

A state of detachment from reality characterised by a sense of alienation from oneself and the feeling of observing one’s own body as if from a distance. The individual perceives their own self, face, body and emotions as altered and alien entities.

Depresyon :

It is a mental health condition characterised by a depressed mood lasting for at least two weeks, accompanied by feelings of unhappiness, an inability to derive pleasure from anything, disturbances in sleep or appetite, fatigue, low energy levels, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, and sometimes accompanied by thoughts of death.

Derealizasyon :

A state of detachment from reality characterised by a sense of alienation from one’s surroundings and others, a perception that those around one are unfamiliar or have changed, and a feeling of experiencing the world as if through a haze or in a dream.

Dereizm :

These are thoughts that have no connection to reality, are detached from the outside world, and relate more to the experiences formed within a person’s inner world. This is also known as unrealistic thinking or autistic thinking.

Deri yolma bozukluğu :

Also known as dermatillomania, this is a mental health condition in which a person, despite having no skin disease, repeatedly and excessively causes wounds on their own skin by scratching, squeezing, picking or rubbing it. It usually begins following a stressful event and most commonly affects the face.

Detoksifikasyon :

The process of ridding the body of harmful substances. It is also a form of treatment used in alcohol and substance addiction, designed to ensure that the effects of the substance in question diminish and eventually disappear during the process of eliminating it from the body.

Dezorganize düşünce :

It is a state of disarray in one’s thoughts, and consequently in one’s speech. The person jumps from one topic to another; there is no connection between the topics; they are unable to provide appropriate answers to the questions asked; and the content of their speech is incomprehensible.

Dezoryantasyon :

A person’s disorientation regarding place, time or people. Not knowing where they are, what time it is, or who they are with.

Dikizcilik (gözetlemecilik: voyörizm) :

It is one of the paraphilic disorders. It is a condition characterised by deriving sexual pleasure from observing a person who is unaware of this and whose consent has not been obtained, whilst they are naked, undressing, or engaging in a sexual act.

Dipsomani :

It is a form of alcohol dependence characterised by episodes of uncontrolled drinking until the individual loses control. It was formerly known as ‘Epsilon alcoholism’.

Direnç :

Resistance and defence mechanisms, which arise during psychotherapy and hinder the client’s change and recovery, are sometimes conscious but more often unconscious. As resistance is recognised, it dissolves; the client begins to gain insight, and the path to recovery opens up.

Dışa atım bozuklukları :

These are disorders involving urinary incontinence (enuresis) and faecal incontinence (encopresis).

Disfaji :

Difficulty swallowing

Disfoni :

A speech disorder caused by damage to the vocal cords

Disfori :

An unpleasant mood

Disgrafi :

Writing difficulties, writing disorder

Diskalkuli :

Inability to perform calculations accurately or fluently, or to grasp numerical skills

Diskinezi :

A condition characterised by unusual movements such as twitching, grimacing and involuntary muscle spasms.

Disleksi :

It is a reading and writing difficulty characterised by the brain’s inability to recognise the symbols that make up words and to understand which sounds the words are composed of.

Dismetri :

It is the inability to calculate distance, speed and the force of movement in such a way as to prevent a person from reaching their goal. As the saying goes, ‘not having a steady hand’.

Dismnezi :

Memory impairment. Recalling events from memory inaccurately or mixing them up.

Dismorfofobi :

Body dysmorphic disorder. This is a mental health condition characterised by the individual identifying flaws in their physical appearance—flaws that others would not notice or consider significant—and being constantly preoccupied with them.

Disosyal kişilik bozukluğu :

This is the former name for antisocial personality disorder. It is a personality disorder characterised by behaviours such as disregard for the rights of others, failure to comply with social norms, violation of rules, and defiance of authority, which begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. Rates of violence and criminal behaviour are high.

Disparoni :

Pain felt in the vagina or groin area during penetration during sexual intercourse.

Disprosodi :

The loss of intonation, stress and rhythm in speech, resulting in a monotonous tone.

Dışsallaştırma :

It is the act of attributing one’s shortcomings and failures to an external factor. For example, attributing one’s misfortunes to fate. In this way, responsibility is shifted away from the individual and placed on an external factor over which they have no control.

Dissosiyasyon (çözülme) :

A condition in which thoughts, feelings or memories that are distressing to the individual become detached from the events and experiences to which they are linked, and emerge independently as a pattern of behaviour. It is one of the ego’s primitive defence mechanisms.

Dissosiyasyon bozuklukları :

These are disorders in which, without any medical cause, the integrity of memory, identity, consciousness and environmental perception is disrupted—often due to psychological trauma—and the connection to the associated event is lost. In other words, dissociation arises as a mechanism to exclude or isolate the effects of the trauma. These include dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder), dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, depersonalisation and derealisation.

Dissosiyatif amnezi :

The inability to recall personal details (such as one’s name, occupation, place of residence, family members, etc.) or aspects of one’s life. The information that is forgotten is usually linked to a traumatic event. From a psychoanalytic perspective, this represents the repression of the traumatic event into the unconscious.

Dissosiyatif füg (Dissosiyatif kaçış) :

It is a dissociative disorder characterised by a person unexpectedly leaving their home and natural environment to go elsewhere, staying in that new place for days or months, and forgetting their former identity.

Distimi :

The presence of depressive symptoms—such as a depressed mood for most of the day lasting at least two years, feeling unwell, an inability to derive pleasure from life, disturbances in appetite and sleep, difficulties with attention and concentration, and a loss of self-esteem. It is less severe than major depression but represents a chronic form of the condition.

Distoni :

An involuntary and prolonged muscle contraction.

Distraktibilite :

Difficulty concentrating, an inability to focus and sustain attention.

Diyojen sendromu :

It is a condition characterised by neglect of personal hygiene, withdrawal from society, indifference to what is happening around them, and a compulsive tendency to collect rubbish and hoard unnecessary items. It is most commonly seen in elderly people, who tend to refuse help and live alone.

Dizartri :

A speech disorder characterised by the mispronunciation or inability to fully articulate words due to problems with the control of the speech muscles. The person speaks with a lisp.

Doppelganger sendromu :

The German word ‘Doppelganger’ means ‘lookalike’ or ‘double’. It refers to the belief that a person has been replaced by their own lookalike, or that they can be in two different places at the same time due to their doppelganger.

Dürtü :

An inner force that drives a person to act in order to satisfy an immediate need. It usually stems from inner tension, and its purpose is to eliminate that tension immediately.

Dürtü denetim bozukluğu :

It is a mental disorder characterised by an inability to resist or delay an impulse that could cause harm to oneself or others, accompanied by a sense of great relief upon acting on the impulse, followed typically by feelings of remorse and guilt. Examples include kleptomania, pyromania (arson) and intermittent explosive disorder.

Düşünce bloğu :

The interruption of a person’s train of thought—that is, their speech—and their resuming the conversation not from where they left off but on a different topic after a short pause.

Düşünselleştirme (entellektüalizasyon) :

It involves explaining events through intellectual concepts in order to avoid expressing emotions or to escape from distressing emotions and impulses. It is a defence mechanism of the ego. The individual unconsciously masks the true source of their distress with information and explanations. For example, they might discuss the country’s economic policies in a critical manner rather than addressing their own socio-economic problems, or explain their own health issues as if they were a general medical topic.

Duygudurum bozukluğu :

A person’s mood being low, out of step with their circumstances, or exaggerated. This may take the form of depression or, conversely, excessive elation. The main mood disorders are major depression, bipolar disorder and dysthymia.